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8.5 IPC-A-610 Classifications & Criteria
IPC-A-610 "Acceptability of Electronic Assemblies" serves as the primary visual acceptance standa...
8.4 Bare Board Inspection (IPC-A-600)
The quality of the final assembly cannot exceed the quality of the raw Printed Circuit Board (PCB...
8.17 The Gemba Walk
"Gemba" means "The Real Place." Engineers and managers must leave the office and walk the process...
8.16 Root Cause Analysis (RCA) & CAPA
The management of Non-Conforming Material (NCM) and the Corrective and Preventive Action (CAPA) s...
8.15 Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA)
FMEA is the engine of risk reduction. It assigns a quantitative Risk Priority Number (RPN) to pot...
8.14 APQP & PPAP
Quality must be planned, not inspected. Advanced Product Quality Planning (APQP) is the standard ...
8.13 First Article Inspection (AS9102)
First Article Inspection (FAI) validates that the manufacturing process is capable of producing a...
8.12 Measurement System Analysis (MSA / Gauge R&R)
Before measuring parts, we must measure the measurement system. Measurement System Analysis (MSA)...
8.11 Statistical Process Control (SPC): Cp & Cpk
Manufacturing processes naturally vary. The engineering question is not "did this part pass?" but...
8.10 Operational Metrics: FPY vs. RTY
In high-volume electronics manufacturing, standard "Yield" metrics often conceal systemic ineffic...
8.7 Hosting the Customer Audit
8.7.1 Audit Strategy: The "War Room" Protocol When a customer or regulatory body (FDA, ISO Regis...
8.8 Incoming Inspection (AQL & Sampling)
It is statistically impossible to inspect 100% of incoming components (e.g., a reel of 10,000 res...
8.6 Internal Systems Audits (ISO 19011)
While LPAs check the floor execution, Internal Audits verify the management system against the IS...
8.5 Layered Process Audits (LPA)
Inspection checks the product; Audits check the process. Layered Process Audits (LPA) are high-fr...
8.3 Lean Quality Foundations: 5S & Visual Factory
Quality cannot exist in chaos. 5S is not a housekeeping methodology; it is a foundational quality...
8.2 Documentation Control & Data Integrity
The validity of a manufacturing process relies entirely on the integrity of its documentation. If...
8.1 The Architecture of Compliance (ISO 9001 / 13485)
A Quality Management System (QMS) acts as the organization's engineered operating logic, not mere...
7.9 Fire Safety in Thermal Processes
Reflow ovens and Wave soldering machines contain heaters (up to 300°C), flammable flux residues, ...
7.8 Chemical Management (HazMat)
Electronics manufacturing utilizes solvents (IPA, Acetone), fluxes, adhesives, and coatings that ...
7.7 Solder Fume Extraction
Soldering processes generate colophony (rosin) particulates and gaseous byproducts, which are pot...